Any action or inaction, including verbal and nonverbal behavior, taken by a psychotherapist (This term, often abbreviated to "therapist," encompasses all those professionals who use psychotherapy to treat mental disorders) with the purpose of advancing treatment.
mental disorder
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Behavioral health care professionals call disorders, illnesses or diseases that have prominent emotional, behavioral, and psychological symptoms mental disorders. These include substance use disorders and disorders associated with physical changes or illnesses, many of which directly affect the brain. For most of these disorders, however, physical causes have not been demonstrated or are poorly understood, even though biological treatments (e.g. drugs) may be effective in treating them. They may be distinguished from and classified separately from the personality disorders, or the term may be used in such a way as to include personality disorders.
Terms for specific mental disorders include those officially recognized by the American Psychiatric Association as well as other more traditional terms. They are formally classified in the APA DSM IV-TR: DSM-IV-TR Diagnoses by Category
primary psychiatric disorder | secondary psychiatric disorder
BehaveNet® Clinical Capsule™:
Personality Disorder (APA DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR Axis II)
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Everyone has a personality with character traits such as stinginess, generosity, arrogance and independence. But when these traits are rigid and self-defeating, they may interfere with functioning and even lead to psychiatric symptoms. Personality traits are formed by early adulthood, persist throughout life and affect every aspect of day to day behavior. Individuals with personality disorders often blame others for their problems.
Although professionals identify distinct personality disorders (anti-social, borderline, schizotypal, et al), some personality disordered individuals may not fit in a particular category and yet may clearly deserve this label.
Although classified as mental disorders they may be classified separately and distinguished from the Axis I Clinical Syndromes for some purposes.
General diagnostic criteria for a Personality Disorder
(cautionary statement)
A. An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture. This pattern is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas:
(1) cognition (i.e., ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events)
(2) affectivity (i.e., the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response)
(3) interpersonal functioning
(4) impulse control
B. The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations.
C. The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
D. The pattern is stable and of long duration and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood.
E. The enduring pattern is not better accounted for as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder.
F. The enduring pattern is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., head trauma).
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Copyright 2000 American Psychiatric Association
Also: character disorder, characterological
DSM-IV-TR personality disorders:
Cluster A: Paranoid | Schizoid | Schizotypal
Cluster B: Antisocial | Borderline | Histrionic | Narcissistic
Cluster C: Avoidant | Dependent | Obsessive-Compulsive
Other personality disorders: depressive | passive-aggressive | self-defeating
Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD)
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Severe impairment pervades broad areas of social and psychological development in children with these mental disorders .
These include the following specific disorders:
Asperger's Disorder | Autistic Disorder | Childhood Disintegrative Disorder | Rett's Disorder
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1994
Also: autism
Asperger's Disorder (AD)
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In children with this pervasive developmental disorder language, curiosity, and cognitive development proceed normally while there is substantial delay in social interaction and "development of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities."
Diagnostic criteria for 299.80 Asperger's Disorder
(cautionary statement)
A. Qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following:
(1) marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction
(2) failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level
(3) a lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements with other people (e.g., by a lack of showing, bringing, or pointing out objects of interest to other people)
(4) lack of social or emotional reciprocity
B. Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as manifested by at least one of the following:
(1) encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest that is abnormal either in intensity or focus
(2) apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals
(3) stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand or finger flapping or twisting, or complex whole-body movements)
(4) persistent preoccupation with parts of objects
C. The disturbance causes clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
D. There is no clinically significant general delay in language (e.g., single words used by age 2 years, communicative phrases used by age 3 years).
E. There is no clinically significant delay in cognitive development or in the development of age-appropriate self-help skills, adaptive behavior (other than in social interaction), and curiosity about the environment in childhood.
F. Criteria are not met for another specific Pervasive Developmental Disorder or Schizophrenia.
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition. Copyright 1994 American Psychiatric Association
psychoanalysis: Oedipus complex
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The complex arising out of the child's wish to eliminate the parent of the same gender in order to possess the parent of the opposite gender.
Also: nuclear complex
DSM-IV: Stereotypic Movement Disorder
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Children with this mental disorder, display repetitive nonfunctional movements that can result in bodily injury or interfere with normal functioning.
Diagnostic criteria for 307.3 Stereotypic Movement Disorder
(cautionary statement)
A. Repetitive, seemingly driven, and nonfunctional motor behavior (e.g., hand shaking or waving, body rocking, head banging, mouthing of objects, self-biting, picking at skin or bodily orifices, hitting own body).
B. The behavior markedly interferes with normal activities or results in self-inflicted bodily injury that requires medical treatment (or would result in an injury if preventive measures were not used).
C. If Mental Retardation is present, the stereotypic or self-injurious behavior is of sufficient severity to become a focus of treatment.
D. The behavior is not better accounted for by a compulsion (as in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder), a tic (as in Tic Disorder), a stereotypy that is part of a Pervasive Developmental Disorder, or hair pulling (as in Trichotillomania).
E. The behavior is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition.
F. The behavior persists for 4 weeks or longer. Specify if: With Self-Injurious Behavior: if the behavior results in bodily damage that requires specific treatment (or that would result in bodily damage if protective measures were not used)
DSM-IV: Separation Anxiety Disorder
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Children with this mental disorder, display excessive anxiety when away from home or from those to whom they are emotionally attached.
Diagnostic criteria for 309.21 Separation Anxiety Disorder
(cautionary statement)
A. Developmentally inappropriate and excessive anxiety concerning separation from home or from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by three (or more) of the following:
(1) recurrent excessive distress when separation from home or major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated
(2) persistent and excessive worry about losing, or about possible harm befalling, major attachment figures
(3) persistent and excessive worry that an untoward event will lead to separation from a major attachment figure (e.g., getting lost or being kidnapped)
(4) persistent reluctance or refusal to go to school or elsewhere because of fear of separation
(5) persistently and excessively fearful or reluctant to be alone or without major attachment figures at home or without significant adults in other settings
(6) persistent reluctance or refusal to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure or to sleep away from home
(7) repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation
(8) repeated complaints of physical symptoms (such as headaches, stomachaches, nausea, or vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated
B. The duration of the disturbance is at least 4 weeks.
C. The onset is before age 18 years.
D. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic (occupational), or other important areas of functioning.
E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Schizophrenia, or other Psychotic Disorder and, in adolescents and adults, is not better accounted for by Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia.
Specify if:
Early Onset: if onset occurs before age 6 years
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition. Copyright 1994 American Psychiatric Association
DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:
Reactive Attachment Disorder
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Children with this mental disorder, associated with care that is "grossly pathological," fail to relate socially either by exhibiting markedly inhibited behavior or by indiscriminate social behavior.
Diagnostic criteria for 313.89 Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood
(cautionary statement)
A. Markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness in most contexts, beginning before age 5 years, as evidenced by either (1) or (2):
(1) persistent failure to initiate or respond in a developmentally appropriate fashion to most social interactions, as manifest by excessively inhibited, hypervigilant, or highly ambivalent and contradictory responses (e.g., the child may respond to caregivers with a mixture of approach, avoidance, and resistance to comforting, or may exhibit frozen watchfulness)
(2) diffuse attachments as manifest by indiscriminate sociability with marked inability to exhibit appropriate selective attachments (e.g., excessive familiarity with relative strangers or lack of selectivity in choice of attachment figures)
B. The disturbance in Criterion A is not accounted for solely by developmental delay (as in Mental Retardation) and does not meet criteria for a Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
C. Pathogenic care as evidenced by at least one of the following:
(1) persistent disregard of the child's basic emotional needs for comfort, stimulation, and affection
(2) persistent disregard of the child's basic physical needs
(3) repeated changes of primary caregiver that prevent formation of stable attachments (e.g., frequent changes in foster care)
D. There is a presumption that the care in Criterion C is responsible for the disturbed behavior in Criterion A (e.g., the disturbances in Criterion A began following the pathogenic care in Criterion C).
Specify type:
Inhibited Type: if Criterion A1 predominates in the clinical presentation
Disinhibited Type: if Criterion A2 predominates in the clinical presentation
DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:
Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Individuals with this Cluster B Personality Disorder in their actions regularly disregard and violate the rights of others. These behaviors may be aggressive or destructive and may involve breaking laws or rules, deceit or theft.
Diagnostic criteria for 301.7 Antisocial Personality Disorder
(cautionary statement)
A. There is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15 years, as indicated by three (or more) of the following:
(1) failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest
(2) deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure
(3) impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
(4) irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults
(5) reckless disregard for safety of self or others
(6) consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations
(7) lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another
B. The individual is at least age 18 years.
C. There is evidence of Conduct Disorder with onset before age 15 years.
D. The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of Schizophrenia or a Manic Episode.
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition. Copyright 1994 American Psychiatric Association
Also: anti-social, "Not me!", sociopath, sociopathy, sociopathic, psychopath, psychopathy, psychopathic, dyssocial
DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
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If a child's problem behaviors do not meet the criteria for Conduct Disorder, but involve a pattern of defiant, angry, antagonistic, hostile, irritable, or vindictive this mental disorder of childhood may be diagnosed. These children may blame others for their problems.
Diagnostic criteria for 313.81 Oppositional Defiant Disorder
(cautionary statement)
A. A pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least 6 months, during which four (or more) of the following are present:
(1) often loses temper
(2) often argues with adults
(3) often actively defies or refuses to comply with adults' requests or rules
(4) often deliberately annoys people
(5) often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior
(6) is often touchy or easily annoyed by others
(7) is often angry and resentful
(8) is often spiteful or vindictive
Note: Consider a criterion met only if the behavior occurs more frequently than is typically observed in individuals of comparable age and developmental level.
B. The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
C. The behaviors do not occur exclusively during the course of a Psychotic or Mood Disorder.
D. Criteria are not met for Conduct Disorder, and, if the individual is age 18 years or older, criteria are not met for Antisocial Personality Disorder.
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition. Copyright 1994 American Psychiatric Association
DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:
Borderline Personality Disorder
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Individuals with this Cluster B Personality Disorder behave impulsively and their relationships, self-image, and emotions are unstable.
Diagnostic criteria for 301.83 Borderline Personality Disorder
(cautionary statement)
A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
(1) frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment.
Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.
(2) a pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation
(3) identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self
(4) impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, Substance Abuse, reckless driving, binge eating).
Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.
(5) recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior
(6) affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days)
(7) chronic feelings of emptiness
(8) inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights)
(9) transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition. Copyright 1994 American Psychiatric Association
DSM-IV: Conduct Disorder
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This mental disorder may be diagnosed when a child seriously misbehaves with aggressive or nonaggressive behaviors against people, animals or property that may be characterized as belligerent, destructive, threatening, physically cruel, deceitful, disobedient, or dishonest. This may include stealing, intentional injury, and forced sexual activity.
Diagnostic criteria for 312.8 Conduct Disorder (new code as of 10/01/96: 312.xx)
(cautionary statement)
A. A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of three (or more) of the following criteria in the past 12 months, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months:
Aggression to people and animals
(1) often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others
(2) often initiates physical fights
(3) has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others (e.g., abat, brick, broken bottle, knife, gun)
(4) has been physically cruel to people
(5) has been physically cruel to animals
(6) has stolen while confronting a victim (e.g., mugging, purse snatching, extortion, armed robbery)
(7) has forced someone into sexual activity
Destruction of property
(8) has deliberately engaged in fire setting with the intention of causing serious damage
(9) has deliberately destroyed others' property (other than by fire setting)
Deceitfulness or theft
(10) has broken into someone else's house, building, or car
(11) often lies to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligations (i.e., "cons" others)
(12) has stolen items of nontrivial value without confronting a victim (e.g., shoplifting, but without breaking and entering; forgery)
Serious violations of rules
(13) often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions, beginning before age 13 years
(14) has run away from home overnight at least twice while living in parental or parental surrogate home (or once without returning for a lengthy period)
(15) is often truant from school, beginning before age 13 years
B. The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
C. If the individual is age 18 years or older, criteria are not met for Antisocial Personality Disorder.
Specify type based on age at onset:
Childhood-Onset Type: onset of at least one criterion characteristic of Conduct Disorder prior to age 10 years (new code as of 10/01/96: 312.81)
Adolescent-Onset Type: absence of any criteria characteristic of Conduct Disorder prior to age 10 years (new code as of 10/01/96: 312.82)
(new code as of 10/01/96: 312.89 Unspecified Onset)
Specify severity:
Mild: few if any conduct problems in excess of those required to make the diagnosis and conduct problems cause only minor harm to others
Moderate: number of conduct problems and effect on others intermediate between "mild" and "severe"
Severe: many conduct problems in excess of those required to make the diagnosis or conduct problems cause considerable harm to others
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition. Copyright 1994 American Psychiatric Association
DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:
Physical Abuse of Child (V61.21)
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Intentional physical mistreatment of a child.
Also: battered-child syndrome, physical abuse
Books and Other Media:
Follow the hypertext link to purchase items.
Radio Flyer DVD Lorraine Bracco, John Heard 1992
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Copyright 2000 American Psychiatric Association
DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:
Sexual Abuse of Child (V61.21)
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Sexual contact between a child and another individual (child or adult) with greater power.
Also: sexual molestation
Books and Other Media:
Follow the hypertext link to purchase items.
The Butterfly Effect DVD Ashton Kutcher, Melora Walters 2004
The Celebration DVD Henning Moritzen 1998
Things Behind the Sun DVD Aria Alpert 2001
Monsoon Wedding DVD 2001 Naseeruddin Shah, Lillete Dubey
The Woodsman Kevin Bacon, Kyra Sedgwick, Hannah Pilkes, Michael Shannon 2004
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Copyright 2000 American Psychiatric Association
DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:
Physical Abuse of Adult (V61.1)
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Intentional physical mistreatment of an adult.
Also: physical abuse
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Copyright 2000 American Psychiatric Association
DSM-IV: Brief Psychotic Disorder
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This mental disorder is diagnosed when psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized or catatonic speech or behavior are present for less than a month and resolve completely.
Diagnostic criteria for 298.8 Brief Psychotic Disorder (cautionary statement)
A. Presence of one (or more) of the following symptoms:
(1) delusions
(2) hallucinations
(3) disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence)
(4) grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior Note: Do not include a symptom if it is a culturally sanctioned response pattern.
B. Duration of an episode of the disturbance is at least 1 day but less than 1 month, with eventual full return to premorbid level of functioning.
C. The disturbance is not better accounted for by a Mood Disorder With Psychotic Features, Schizoaffective Disorder, or Schizophrenia and is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition.
Specify if:
With Marked Stressor(s) (brief reactive psychosis): if symptoms occur shortly after and apparently in response to events that, singly or together, would be markedly stressful to almost anyone in similar circumstances in the person's culture
Without Marked Stressor(s): if psychotic symptoms do not occur shortly after, or are not apparently in response to events that, singly or together, would be markedly stressful to almost anyone in similar circumstances in the person's culture
With Postpartum Onset: if onset within 4 weeks postpartum
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition. Copyright 1994 American Psychiatric Association
abusive personality
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This label implies that individuals who behave toward others in a physically or otherwise abusive manner may exhibit a pattern of personality traits.
Also: personality disorder
DSM-IV: Impulse-Control Disorders
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Individuals with these mental disorders suffer from recurrent failure to resist impulsive behaviors that may be harmful to themselves or others.
These include: Intermittent Explosive Disorder | Kleptomania | Pathological Gambling | Pyromania | Trichotillomania
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1994
psychopathology: self mutilation
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Intentional self injury may involve for example cutting, scratching, tattooing, or thermal or chemical burning.
DSM-IV: Pyromania
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Individuals with this impulse-control disorder recurrently fail to resist impulses to deliberately start fires. They experience fascination with fire, its consequences and related activities. Setting the fires may provide relief or gratification related to tension experienced prior to the act.
Diagnostic criteria for 312.33 Pyromania
(cautionary statement)
A. Deliberate and purposeful fire setting on more than one occasion.
B. Tension or affective arousal before the act.
C. Fascination with, interest in, curiosity about, or attraction to fire and its situational contexts (e.g., paraphernalia, uses, consequences).
D. Pleasure, gratification, or relief when setting fires, or when witnessing or participating in their aftermath.
E. The fire setting is not done for monetary gain, as an expression of sociopolitical ideology, to conceal criminal activity, to express anger or vengeance, to improve one's living circumstances, in response to a delusion or a hallucination, or as a result of impaired judgment (e.g., in Dementia, Mental Retardation, Substance Intoxication).
F. The fire setting is not better accounted for by Conduct Disorder, a Manic Episode, or Antisocial Personality Disorder.
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition. Copyright 1994 American Psychiatric Association
Also: pyromaniac
DSM-IV: Kleptomania
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Individuals with this Impulse-Control Disorder recurrently fail to resist impulsive stealing of objects with no other motivation than the relief or pleasure resulting from the act of stealing itself.
Diagnostic criteria for 312.32 Kleptomania
(cautionary statement)
A. Recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal objects that are not needed for personal use or for their monetary value.
B. Increasing sense of tension immediately before committing the theft.
C. Pleasure, gratification, or relief at the time of committing the theft.
D. The stealing is not committed to express anger or vengeance and is not in response to a delusion or a hallucination.
E. The stealing is not better accounted for by Conduct Disorder, a Manic Episode, or Antisocial Personality Disorder.
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition. Copyright 1994 American Psychiatric Association
Also: cleptomania, cleptomaniac, kleptomaniac
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social skills
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Social or people skills include all the skills used in relating to others individually or in groups.
DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:
Pathological Gambling
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Individuals with this Impulse-Control Disorder recurrently fail to resist gambling to such an extent that it leads to disruption of major life pursuits.
Diagnostic criteria for 312.31 Pathological Gambling
(cautionary statement)
A. Persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
(1) is preoccupied with gambling (e.g., preoccupied with reliving past gambling experiences, handicapping or planning the next venture, or thinking of ways to get money with which to g-a-m-b-l-e)
(2) needs to g-a-m-b-l-e with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement
(3) has repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling
(4) is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling
(5) gambles as a way of escaping from problems or of relieving a dysphoric mood (e.g., feelings of helplessness, guilt, anxiety, depression)
(6) after losing money gambling, often returns another day to get even ("chasing" one's losses)
(7) lies to family members, therapist, or others to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling
(8) has committed illegal acts such as forgery, fraud, theft, or embezzlement to finance gambling
(9) has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of gambling
(10) relies on others to provide money to relieve a desperate financial situation caused by gambling
B. The gambling behavior is not better accounted for by a Manic Episode.
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition. Copyright 1994 American Psychiatric Association
Also: compulsive gambling
Gamblers Anonymous
***DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:
Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)
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Individuals with this Impulse-Control Disorder recurrently fail to resist impulsive aggressive destruction of property or assault of other persons far in excess of what might be considered appropriate with respect to any precipitating event.
Diagnostic criteria for 312.34 Intermittent Explosive Disorder
(cautionary statement)
A. Several discrete episodes of failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in serious assaultive acts or destruction of property.
B. The degree of aggressiveness expressed during the episodes is grossly out of proportion to any precipitating psychosocial stressors.
C. The aggressive episodes are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, a Psychotic Disorder, a Manic Episode, Conduct Disorder, or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) and are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., head trauma, Alzheimer's disease).
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition. Copyright 1994 American Psychiatric Association
DSM-IV: Transvestic Fetishism
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Heterosexual males with this paraphilia dress in female clothes (cross-dress) to produce or enhance sexual arousal, usually without a real partner, but with the fantasy that they are the female partner as well.
Diagnostic criteria for 302.3 Transvestic Fetishism
(cautionary statement)
A. Over a period of at least 6 months, in a heterosexual male, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross-dressing.
B. The fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Specify if:
With Gender Dysphoria: if the person has persistent discomfort with gender role or identity
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition. Copyright 1994 American Psychiatric Association
Also: cross dress, crossdress, transvestite
DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:
Trichotillomania
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Individuals with this Impulse-Control Disorder recurrently fail to resist impulses to pull out their own hair. Pulling hair may provide relief or gratification related to tension experienced prior to the act.
Diagnostic criteria for 312.39 Trichotillomania
(cautionary statement)
A. Recurrent pulling out of one's hair resulting in noticeable hair loss.
B. An increasing sense of tension immediately before pulling out the hair or when attempting to resist the behavior.
C. Pleasure, gratification, or relief when pulling out the hair.
D. The disturbance is not better accounted for by another mental disorder and is not due to a general medical condition (e.g., a dermatological condition).
E. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Copyright 2000 American Psychiatric Association
Substance Withdrawal Delirium
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When Delirium occurs within hours or days after Withdrawal from certain drugs diagnosis of this Substance-Related Disorder may be appropriate.
Diagnostic criteria for Substance Withdrawal Delirium
(cautionary statement)
A. Disturbance of consciousness (i.e., reduced clarity of awareness of the environment) with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention.
B. A change in cognition (such as memory deficit, disorientation, language disturbance) or the development of a perceptual disturbance that is not better accounted for by a preexisting, established, or evolving dementia.
C. The disturbance develops over a short period of time (usually hours to days) and tends to fluctuate during the course of the day.
D. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the symptoms in Criteria A and B developed during, or shortly after, a withdrawal syndrome.
Note: This diagnosis should be made instead of a diagnosis of Substance Withdrawal only when the cognitive symptoms are in excess of those usually associated with the withdrawal syndrome and when the symptoms are sufficiently severe to warrant independent clinical attention.
Code [Specific Substance] Withdrawal Delirium:
(291.0 Alcohol; 292.81 Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic; 292.81 Other [or Unknown] Substance)
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition. Copyright 1994 American Psychiatric Association
Associated with these drugs: alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics
Also: substance induced delirium, DT's, delirium tremens
BehaveNet® Clinical Capsule™:
DSM-IV: Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)
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In this Substance Use Disorder perceptual disturbances, most often visual hallucinations, may be reexperienced in the absence of hallucinogenic drugs long after the original experience.
Diagnostic criteria for 292.89 Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (Flashbacks)
(cautionary statement)
A. The reexperiencing, following cessation of use of a hallucinogen, of one or more of the perceptual symptoms that were experienced while intoxicated with the hallucinogen (e.g., geometric hallucinations, false perceptions of movement in the peripheral visual fields, flashes of color, intensified colors, trails of images of moving objects, positive afterimages, halos around objects, macropsia, and micropsia).
B. The symptoms in Criterion A cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
C. The symptoms are not due to a general medical condition (e.g., anatomical lesions and infections of the brain, visual epilepsies) and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., Delirium, Dementia, Schizophrenia) or hypnopompic hallucinations.
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition. Copyright 1994 American Psychiatric Association
Clinical Capsules™
Terminology of Behavioral Health Care
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These terms are intended for use in hypertext documents to provide the reader with rapid basic understanding of the term and its relationship to other terms as well as access to more detailed information and resources. We hope to maintain the URL of each term indefinitely. We encourage authors of web documents and word processing documents to link to them freely. (Use the no frames front page to have the URL of each term appear in your browser address window for easier linking.) They also serve to help you find links to related resources and even to purchase related books.
Finding a term: First look for a list that is likely to contain the term you want. Lists are especially helpful when you are unsure of the spelling of the term. If you do not find it there, use the search window. There are hundreds of terms that are not on major lists. The search results may not yield the term you entered, but each of the pages listed contains that term. For example, a search for Zoloft will list the "sertraline" page. This is the generic name for Zoloft.
Create your own lists: If you wish to form a list of drugs produced by Eli Lilly, search for "lilly". Some words will produce very long lists of pages. Follow Search Help to refine your search.
If you cannot find a Clinical Capsule™ for a term, we will consider adding it for you. Please tell us something about how you plan to use the term. You may also provide us with links, book titles, etc. for possible inclusion: Request New Term
Terms added at your request (Thank you!): script scene, Otto Kernberg, manipulation, toxicometrics, identification with the aggressor, turning against the self, reversal, ego psychology, recreation therapy, culture-bound syndrome, Organic Personality Disorder, coprophilia, cannibalism, NOS, rejection sensitivity, Conflict Tactics Scale, Mio-Relax, pseudocyesis, hypersomnolence, distortion, magical thinking, social learning theory, sociopathy, nympholepsy, form fetish, bisexual, homophobia, neurocognitive disorder, gender transition, psychosocial evaluation, opisthotonus, BZD, Cmax, hyperactivity, echophilia, semisodium valproate, reuptake, personality, oriented x 3, psychological time, immediacy, "Could it be...?", "Spit in the client's soup.", DID, decompensation, multigenerational transmission, startle response, speedball, agitated depression, fragile X syndrome, Arnold Lazarus, Oedipus complex, suggestive therapy, inverse agonist, reality orientation, clownism, prn, principal client, visuospatial, symbiotic, rationalization, self-defeating personality disorder, Dusky standard, prospective payment system, dantrolene, medical model, psychosocial model, biopsychosocial model, prevention model, globus hystericus, psychometric, homosexuality, attribution, upregulation, Lewy body dementia, concrete thinking, procrastination, Dexamyl®, Flexeril®, separateness, hyperarousal, fully oriented, appetitive stimulus, psychic numbing, Reductil®, Pentothal, Organic Affective Disorder, anhedonia, triskaidekaphobia, TOVA®, chunking, anomie, homicidal, manic excitement, pathological liar, insanity, anger, rage, physical abuse, Prader-Willi syndrome, compulsive skin picking, paradoxical intention, index person, protective factor, Subutex®, paralogia, positive adult development, positive symptoms (of Schizophrenia), paresthesia, ego ideal, ideal ego, delusion of grandeur, blunting, interaction, GAF, Redotex, type A personality, cyclothymia, euthymic, neurotic depression, drug store heroin, intake, Meprozine, Paxarel, receptor reserve, TEFRA, hypochondria, titration, anorexia, comorbid, latency, Percolone, denial, prosopagnosia, oculogyric crisis, executive function(s), schizoid, disease management, cataleptic, hypervigilance, telemedicine, pharmacologist, ego-syntonic, Bontril, weight management, ego identity, resistance, GABA, Neobes, IC50, passive-aggressive, infantilism, cinnarizine, flunarizine, boundaries, psychodynamic psychotherapy, attention, dissociation, social skills, senile dementia, self mutilation, hebephrenia, erotomania, clinical approach, mixed agonist/antagonist, adrenochrome, point of service plan, Temgesic, counter conditioning, abusive personality, Terence Gorski, psychopathology, Brompton's mixture, recipe (Rx), shrooms, antinarcoleptic, Axis V, transient global amnesia, COBRA, basic benefits, transgender, crossdressing, HMO Act of 1973, OxyContin, paranoia, conversion reaction, sadomasochism, sadism, masochism, tic, triflupromazine, paint sniffing, preemption, internal family systems psychotherapy, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, Broca's aphasia, promethazine, mephobarbital, parapraxis, assertiveness, anticholinergic, dopamine beta hydroxylase, nordiazepam, therapeutic hold
Suggest a list or glossary: If you want to recommend a published glossary of terms related to any aspect of behavioral health care, including one you have written yourself, for inclusion in Clinical Capsules™, contact us.
Other Terminology Resources
Credit: Hierarchies, lists, many to one, one to many, synonyms, antonyms, eponyms, generics, trade names, ad infinitum. Nothing has enabled free and comprehensive organization of the varied relationships of the terms of behavioral health care until Tim Berners-Lee put hypertext on the computer Internet. Thank you first of all Tim. Thanks also to Linda for making this possible and for the publishers and authors whose contributions are explicitly credited on each page. All definitions and other text not explicitly credited were written by psychiatrist H. Berryman Edwards, MD.
Imagine if you had access to reference material 
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